Science & Research

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The IMportance of healthy shark populations

Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory timing, and spatial protections of an apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) (Hammerschlag et al., 2022)

Predators Help Protect Carbon Stocks in Blue Carbon Ecosystems (Atwood et al., 2015)

Caught in the Middle: Combined Impacts of Shark Removal and Coral Loss on the Fish Communities of Coral Reefs (Ruppert et al., 2013)

Coral Reefs Healthier if More Sharks Present, New Research Findings (Weber, 2017)

New Study Suggests Shark Declines Can Lead to Changes in Reef Fish Body Shapes (Hammerschlag et al., 2018)

Global Catches, Exploitation Rates, and Rebuilding Options for Sharks (Worm et al., 2013)

Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic (Baum et al., 2003)

Shifting Baselines and the Decline of Pelagic Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico (Baum & Myers, 2004)

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Shark Communities of the Lower Florida Keys and Evidence for Historical Population Declines (Heithaus et al., 2007)

Documenting Loss of Large Trophy Fish from the Florida Keys with Historical Photographs (Mcclenachan, 2009)

Population Connectivity of Pelagic Megafauna in the Cuba-Mexico-United States Triangle (Rooker et al., 2019)

You Can Swim But You Can’t Hide: The Global Status and Conservation of Oceanic Pelagic Sharks and Rays (Fowler et al., 2014)

Fishery Stock Status Updates (NOAA, 2019)

The Caribbean News Big Marine Protected Areas (Gallagher et al., 2020)

What Happens When Predators Disappear (Zielinski, 2011 - article)

High Apex Predator Biomass on Remote Pacific Islands (Stevenson et al., 2007)

Predator Declines and Morphological Changes in Prey: Evidence from Coral Reefs Depleted of Sharks (Hammerschlag et al., 2018)

Sharks are Vital for Coral Reef Health (New Scientist, 2005)

Predicting Ecological Consequences of Marine Top Predator Ceclines (Heithaus et al., 2008)

Loss of Top Predators Causing Surge in Smaller Predators, Ecosystem Collapse (Oregon State University, 2009)

Cascading Top-Down Effects of Changing Oceanic Predator Abundances (Baum & Worm, 2009)

Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean (Myers et al., 2007)

Predators as Prey: Why Healthy Oceans Need Sharks (Oceana, 2008)

Ongoing Collapse of Coral-Reef Shark Populations (Robbins et al., 2007)

Coral Reefs are 85% Sharks? (Sala, 2010)

Ecologically Justified Charisma: Preservation of Top Predators Delivers Biodiversity Conservation (Sergio et al., 2006)

Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources (Helfman, 2008)

Complicated Relationships Entwined to Produce Shark Attacks (Eco RI News article)

Functional Diversity of Marine Megafauna in the Anthropocene (Pimiento et al., 2020)

Ecological Importance of Sharks (Environmental Humanities)

An Estimate of White Sharks off Central California (Chappel, NOAA/Sea Grant, UCSD)

Great White Shark Populations Increasing Off California Coast (Sport Diver article)

The Economic Value of Sharks

Economic Impact of Shark Diving in Florida (Fedler, 2017)

Global Economic Value of Shark Ecotourism: Implications for Conservation (Cisneros-Montemayor et al., 2013)

The contemporary economic value of elasmobranchs in The Bahamas: Reaping the Rewards of 25 Years of Stewardship and Conservation (Haas et al., 2017)

The Shark Watching Industry and its Potential Contribution to Shark Conservation (Topelko & Dearden, 2005)

Global Shark Currency: The Distribution, Frequency, and Economic Value of Shark Ecotourism (Gallagher & Hammerschlag, 2011)

Fast Facts: Recreational Scuba Diving and Snorkeling (Diving Equipment and Marketing Association, 2019)

The Economic Impacts of Saltwater Fishing in Florida (FWC, 2019)

The Socio-Economic Value of the Shark-Diving Industry in Fiji (Vianna et al., 2011)

Socio-Economic Value and Community Benefits from Shark-Diving Tourism in Palau: A Sustainable Use of Reef Shark Populations (Vianna et al., 2011)

Wanted Dead or Alive? The Relative Value of Reef Sharks as a Fishery and an Ecotourism Asset in Palau (Vianna et al., 2010)

Extent and Economic Value of Manta Ray Watching in Maldives (Anderson et al., 2011)

The Economic Value of Shark-Diving Tourism in Australia (Huveneers et al., 2017)

Business Partner or Simple Catch? The Economic Value of the Sicklefin Lemon Shark in French Polynesia (Clua et al., 2017)

Marine-Based Tourism in Gansbaai: A Socio-Economic Study (Hara et al., 2003)

Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism numbers, Expenditures and Expanding Economic Benefits (O’Connor et al., 2009)

Conservation Potential of Apex Predator Tourism (Macdonald et al., 2017)

Be a Sustainable Shark Diver, Find a Shark Dive to Review (Sustainable Shark Diving, database)

Shark Diving as a Conservation Strategy: How Shark Tourism is Protecting Global Shark Populations (Dive Training Magazine, 2019)

Sustainable Tourism and Diving: Tips for Treading Lightly (Dive Training Magazine, 2019)

Behavioural Responses of White Sharks to Specific Baits During Cage Diving Ecotourism (Becerril-García et al., 2020)

Is Chumming Leading to More Shark Attacks? (Bates Ph.D., 2012)

Baiting Sharks May Be Really Good—or Really Bad—for the Fish (National Geographic article, 2016)

Shark Populations Are in Decline

Half a century of rising extinction risk of coral reef sharks and rays (Sherman et al., 2023)

Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis (Dulvy et al., 2021)

The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras and the implications for marine ecosystems (Stevens et al., 2000)

Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines (Heithaus et al., 2009)

Relative Abundance and Size of Coastal Sharks Derived from Commercial Shark Longline Catch and Effort Data (Burgess et al., 2012)

Report of the Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, 2017)

Investigating Single and Multiple Species Fisheries Management: Stock Status Evaluation of Hammerhead Sharks in the Western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico (Hayes, 2007)

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Shark Communities of the Lower Florida Keys and Evidence for Historical Population Declines (Heithaus et al., 2007)

Big Fish in Big Trouble in Europe (European Commission and the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland, 2017)

WildAid Sharks in Crisis 2018 (Vallianos et al., 2018)

FAO Shark Fisheries (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011)

EU Wants to Cut Quotas to Protect Deep Sea Fish (Reuters, 2008)

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Shark Communities of the Lower Florida Keys and Evidence for Historical Population Declines (Heithaus et al., 2007)

Direct and Indirect Fishery Effects on Small Coastal Elasmobranchs in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Shepherd & Myers, 2005)

CITES Official Website (CITES database)

We Must Vote to Protect Mako Sharks Before We Lose Them Forever (SeaLegacy article)

Mako Sharks Gets New Protections from Trade (National Geographic, 2019)

What is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species? (National Geographic, 2019)

Explainer: What is CITES and Why Should We Care? (The Conversation, 2018)

The Shark Fin Trade

Shark Fin Trade Bans and Sustainable Shark Fisheries (Ferretti et al., 2020)

Out of Control Means Off the Menu: The Case for Ceasing Consumption of Luxury Products From Highly Vulnerable Species When International Trade Cannot Be Adequately Controlled; Shark Fin as a Case Study (Mitcheson et al., 2018)

Evidence of Declines in Shark Fin Demand in China (Whitcraft et al., 2014)

Shark Fin Trade Myths and Truths: Shark Meat vs. Fins (Wild Aid)

Genetic Approaches for Identifying Shark Fins and Other Products: A Tool for International Trade Monitoring and Enforcement (Abercrombie et al., 2018)

China Shuts Down Its Legal Ivory Trade (National Geographic, 2017)

Busting Shark Fin’s Sustainability Myths (Straits Times, 2017)

An Overview of Major Shark Traders, Catchers and Species (Okes & Sant, 2019)

Sharks in Florida Worth More in the Water (Oceana, 2016)

Species Composition of the International Shark Fin Trade Assessed Through a Retail-Market Survey in Hong Kong (Fields et al., 2017)

Miami’s Dubious New Title: Top Importer of Shark Fins (Miami Herald, 2018)

Butchered Shark Fins Seized from Shrimper off Key West (Miami Herald, 2017)

Shark Week: Fishing Fleets Evade Law to Cash in on Rich Fin Trade (Miami Herald, 2018)

Illicit trade in marine fish catch and its effects on ecosystems and people worldwide (Sumaila et al., 2020)

2016 Shark Finning Report to Congress (NOAA, 2016)

Annual Trade Data by Product through U.S. Customs Districts (NOAA, search engine)

CITES-Listed Shark Remain Among the Top Species in the Contemporary Fin Trade (Cardeñosa et al., 2017)

New DNA Study Reveals Fins of Endangered Shark in U.S. Soups (Press Release, 2012)

Shark Meat and Other Products

Seafood Watch Seafood Recommendations Shark Groups (Monterey Bay Aquarium - guide)

What Shark Species are Generally Eaten for Meat? (FAO, 1999)

Sustainable Seafood Recipe (Monterey Bay Aquarium - recipe)

Study Shows Endangered Sharks, Rays Further Threatened by Global Food Markets (Steinke et al., 2017)

Appendix III: Non-Food Uses of Sharks by Hooi Kok Kuang (Kuang)

FAO State of The Global Market for Shark Products (Clarke & Dent, 2015)

Deceptive Names for Shark Meat (Vision Dive)

Contamination Profile of DDTs in the Shark Somniosus Microcephalus from Greenland Seawaters (Cotronei et al., 2018)

Semiconductor Gel in Shark Sense Organs? (Fields et al., 2007)

Accumulation of PCBs, PAHs, Plasticizers and Inorganic Elements in Hexanchus griseus from the Strait of Messina (Salvo et al., 2020)

Marine Collagen: 6 Health Benefits, Side Effects & More (MBG Food)

Isolation and Characterisation of Collagens from the Skin, Scale and Bone of Deep-sea Redfish (Sebastes mentella) (Wang et al., 2008)

The Effect of Shark Cartilage Extracts on the Growth and Metastatic Spread of the SCCVII Carcinoma (Horsman et al., 1998)

Trace Metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in Food Supplements of Marine Origin (Leblond C et al., 2008)

Evaluation of Shark Cartilage in Patients with Advanced Cancer (Loprinzi et al., 2005)

Chemoradiotherapy with or without AE-941 in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Lu et al., 2010)

Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines by Cartilage Extracts (Merly et al., 2007)

Pro-inflammatory Properties of Shark Cartilage Supplement (Merly & Smith, 2015)

Phase I/II Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Shark Cartilage in the Treatment of Advanced Cancer (Miller et al., 1998)

Environmental Neurotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and Mercury in Shark Cartilage Dietary Supplements (Mondo et al., 2014)

Immunomodulatory Effects of Shark Cartilage: Stimulatory or anti-Inflammatory (Safari & Hassan, 2020)

Shark Cartilage 14 kDa Protein as a Dendritic Cells Activator (Safari et al., 2015)

Metal Concentrations in Coastal Sharks from The Bahamas with a Focus on the Caribbean Reef Shark (Shipley et al., 2021)

SQUALENE: COSMETICS + VACCINES

Genetic identification of threatened shark species in pet food and beauty care products (Cardeñosa 2019)

The Leaping Bunny Certification (Leaping Bunny website)

FDA Cosmetic Labelling (FDA)

Cosmetics Giants Agree to Stop Using Shark Oil (Telegraph, 2008)

There Might Be Shark in Your Sunscreen (National Geographic, 2018)

Bloom Association, The Hideous Price of Beauty (Bloom, 2012)

Shedded Artocarpus Leaves - Good Plant Sources of Natural Squalene with Potent Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity (Biswas et al., 2013)

An Alternative Renewable Source of Squalene for Use in Emulsion Adjuvants (Brito et al., 2011)

Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon and Hydrogen to Distinguish Olive Oil from Shark Squalene-Squalane (Camin et al., 2010)

Production of Squalene by Lactose-fermenting Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis with Reduced Squalene Epoxidase Activity (Drozdíková et al., 2015)

Production of Squalene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Englund et al., 2014)

Comparison of the Safety and Immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted With a Non-Adjuvanted Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Subjects (Frey et al., 2014)

Squalene Epoxidase as a Target for Manipulation of Squalene Levels in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Garaiová et al., 2014)

Improved Squalene Production via Modulation of the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway and Heterologous Expression of Genes from Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952 in Escherichia coli (Ghimire et al., 2009)

Tolerability and Safety of a Nutritional Supplement with Potential as Adjuvant in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: A Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers (Gómez et al., 2019)

Vascular Effects and Safety of Supplementation with Shark Liver Oil in Middle-aged and Elderly Males (Hamadate et al., 2015)

The Deadly Truth About Squalene & Squalane (Axiology)

Enhancement of Potent Antibody and T-cell Responses by a Single-dose, Novel Nanoemulsion-Formulated Pandemic Influenza Vaccine (Huang et al., 2009)

Effect of Varying Doses of a Monovalent H7N9 Influenza Vaccine With and Without AS03 and MF59 Adjuvants on Immune Response (Jackson et al., 2015)

Accumulation of Squalene in a Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Genetic Modification of Squalene Synthase and Squalene Epoxidase Genes (Kajikawa et al., 2015)

Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a Accummulates High Amounts of Squalene (Kaya et al., 2011)

AF03, an Alternative Squalene Emulsion-based Vaccine Adjuvant Prepared by a Phase Inversion Temperature Method (Klucker et al., 2012)

The Isolation and Characterization of Pseudozyma sp. JCC 207, a Novel Producer of Squalene (Mi-Hee Chang et al., 2008)

Antioxidative Protection of Squalene Adjuvant and Rabies Vaccine with Adjuvant (Ondrejková et al., 2017)

Enhanced Passive Safety Surveillance (EPSS) Confirms an Optimal Safety Profile of the Use of MF59®‐adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults (Panatto et al., 2020)

Production of Squalene with Promising Antioxidant Properties in Callus Cultures of Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Rameshkumar et al., 2018)

Safety of MF59(TM) Adjuvant (Schultze et al., 2008)

Squalene Market by Source Type, End User, Regions, Global Industry Analysis, Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2019 to 2026 (Fior Markets)

Squalene Market Size, Share & Growth and Industry Trends, 2022 (Allied Market Research)

SARS Vaccine Protective in Mice (Stadler et al., 2005)

Dioxin Concentrations in Dietary Supplements Containing Animal Oil on the Japanese Market Between 2007 and 2014 (Tsutsumi et al., 2018)

Biochemical Characterization of Liver Oil of Echinorhinus brucus (Bramble Shark) and Its Cytotoxic Evaluation on Neuroblastoma Cell Lines (SHSY-5Y) (Venugopal et al., 2016)

Assessment of Squalene Adjuvanted and Non-adjuvanted Vaccines Against Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Children 6 Months to 17 Years of Age (Vesikari et al., 2012)

Squalene-adjuvanted H7N9 Virus Vaccine Induces Robust Humoral Immune Response Against H7N9 and H7N7 Viruses (Wu C-Y et al., 2014)

Identification of an Ideal Adjuvant for Receptor-binding Domain-based Subunit Vaccines Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Zhang et al., 2016)

Sanofi and GSK Agree with the UK Government to Supply up to 60 Million Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (Press Release, 2020)

GSK, Medicago, to Develop Novel Adjuvanted COVID-19 Vaccine (Pharma News Intel, 2020)

The History of MF59 (R) Adjuvant: a Phoenix That Arose from the Ashes (O’Hagan, 2013)

Synthetic Biology-Derived Triterpenes as Efficacious Immunomodulating Adjuvants (Tateno et al., 2020)

Different COVID-19 Vaccines (CDC)

What's the Difference Between a DNA and RNA Vaccine? (Very Well Health article)

How Does Johnson & Johnson’s Single-Dose COVID-19 Vaccine Work? (Prevention article)

Covid-19: What are the Ingredients in the Oxford/AstraZeneca Vaccine? (Cambridge News article)

Covaxin and Covishield: What We Know About India's Covid Vaccines (BBC News article)

Adjuvant Alhydroxiquim-II to Boost Immune Response of Covaxin (The Hindu Business article)

Clover Bio Dumps GSK Adjuvant Technology, Will Take Dynavax to Vaccine Dance (Biospace article)

After Setback, Sanofi, GSK Take Tweaked COVID-19 Vaccine into Phase 2 (Fierce Biotech article)

Lilly, Vir Biotechnology and GSK announce first patient dosed in expanded BLAZE-4 trial evaluating bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) with VIR-7831 (GSK4182136) for COVID-19 (GSK Press Release)